Recycle bin functions in computer

The trash can has been a familiar presence on computer desktops starting with the early Macintosh systems.

Unwanted files can be moved to the recycle bin a few different ways.  They can be moved from a menu item or by dragging and dropping the file to the recycle bin. Finally the user can right click on an item and choose delete. Only files from the hard drive are moved temporarily to the recycle bin when deleted.

Until it is emptied, the user can put things in and take them out again. If the user double-click on its icon, a widow shows the contents.

By right-clicking on a file, the user can then click on the ‘Restore’ menu item in the context menu that appears. Restoring a file enables the original path.

Deleting or emptying files from the recycle bin permanently deletes them from the system, so they can be recovered only with data recovery or forensic software.
Recycle bin functions in computer

Important internet privacy issues

In business and government, many important issues are being debated, as Internet technologies accelerate the ubiquity of global telecommunications connection in business and society.

Due to the web is increasingly important in people’s lives, one of the issues users raise is their desire to known that their privacy is being protected when they go online.

Use of the internet consists of the use of e-mail websites, social networking sites, organizational and institutional websites and browsing of other websites. Internet privacy refers to the control a person has over the information related to him or her and can be considered as part of computer privacy.

*Accessing individuals’ private E-mail conversations and computer records and collecting and sharing information about individuals gained from their visits to Internet websites and newsgroups (violation of privacy).

*Always knowing where a person is, especially as mobile and paging services become more closely associated with people rather than places (computer monitoring).

*Using customer information gained from many sources to market additional business services (computer matching).

*Collecting telephone numbers, E-mail address, credit numbers, and other personal information to build individual customer profiles (unauthorized personal files). In certain websites which provides online shopping facility users are asked to give their credit card details, passwords and PINs.

Privacy issues arise because very internet transaction leaves an important artifact of every transaction the individual did when searching for information, shopping or banking. This audit trail has caused many people to be concerned that this data may be inappropriately used.
Important internet privacy issues

Tablet computer

Tablet is essentially a term for a mobile computer, which is one piece of technology that can be accessed by touch screen.

The term tablet surfaced to the general public around 2000 when Microsoft promoted the release of Tablet PCs from several major manufacturers. Apple unveiled its iPad tablet in January 2010 with its usual flair for showmanship.

The idea of tablet co0mputer,or a computer contained in a flat touch screen used to input data, is one that has interested professionals in the field of computer science, technology and even science fiction for years.

All the functions provided by notebook computers are available in tablet computers but they are lighter than notebook computers.

Tablet computers shine for applications that involve handwritten input. Most tablet computers are also configured to accept voice input. It can be connected to a network to transforms them into standard notebook computers.

Tablet computers, such as the iPad, the Samsung Tablet and the Google Nexus are becoming more prevalent in academic, school, public and specialized libraries and other institutions. These tools are being used in reference, instruction, collection, weeding, tours and many other services and initiatives.
Tablet computer

Cyber Crime definition

Cyber crime constitutes criminal acts, committed by way of computer networks that can be accomplished while sitting at a computer board. Ksehtri (2009) defined cybercrime as a criminal activity in which computers or computer networks are the principal means of committing an offense or violating laws, rules or regulation.

The awareness of security has since September 11 events increased in many ways - increased concerned over physical sites, increased concerns of securing networked infrastructure and changes in corporate attitude from being confident about their organization’s security and delaying spending on security, to seeing IT security as an essential capital investment.

Example of cyber crimes include gaining unauthorised access to computer file, denial-of-service-attacks, cyber-theft, cyber-trespass, cyber-obscenity, critical infrastructure attacks, online fraud, online money laundering, criminal uses of Internet communications, ID fraud, use of computers to further traditional crimes , and cyber-extortions.

A diverse range of acts such as disrupting the operation of remote computers with viruses, worms logic bombs, Trojan horses horses, visiting an obscene website and cyberstalking may qualify as a cybercrime.

There are many debates today among experts about what constitutes a computer-related crime or cyber crime. Cyber crime generally is understood to include traditional activities such as fraud, theft, or forgery whenever a computer is involved.

Society’ vital services and critical infrastructure: communications, finance, transportation, and utilities such as electricity, oil, gas and water rely on computer and computer networked. If these networked are damaged the nation will be disrupt.

Governments as well as business that own and operate banks, utility infrastructure, transportation systems, telecommunications networks and other critical systems, must be prepared for the possibility of a destructive attack in cyberspace. The cyber threat is out there, either directly or as collateral damage in other kinds of attacks.
Cyber Crime definition

Computer applications in inventory and ordering system

Inventory management I an especially complex process for companies that producing articles which selling. This means that production just have data about the quantities of products required to produce for delivery or in addition to the annual and monthly sales plans, continuously carrying out plans on daily basis in necessary.

In order of better planning of inventory management, companies, often use information technology and various software solution to address the problems of inventory management. An inventory-checking system in one business could easily use the web to talk to a stock-ordering system in another business, thus automatically ordering new stock.

Some wholesalers use state-of-the-art inventory management technology within their distribution centers, which use bar codes and radio frequency signals to track and assure accurate product for customers.

The process of ordering is usually done by computer, either manually or automatically. Automatic ordering occurs when stock levels and reorder points are reached that trigger the computer to reorder drug products.

The next step is to send the order form electronically to the suppliers via the computer or in fewer situations by fax. When using computers for ordering, the supplier’s computer system interacts directly with the company’s computer system to communicate quickly.

Order processing is becoming more automated through the use of computer technology known as electronic data interchange (EDI). The basic idea of EDI is to replace the paper documents that basically accompany business transactions, such as purchase orders and invoices, with electronic transmission of the needed information.
Computer applications in inventory and ordering system

Computer Controlled Vehicle Systems

Some tasks associated with vehicle operation are too complex to be control by the driver e.g. the controlling of pressure, temperatures, injection amounts, timing, etc. by the engine and drivetrain control.

In Japan, the basic concept for Computer Controlled Vehicle Systems was formulated in July 1970. In autumn of 1970 work on the basic design of the system began with support of the Ministry of International Trade.

Almost all vehicle systems are now controlled by computer. Computer Controlled Vehicle Systems such as engine management, traction control, anti-lock braking and stability control, need to communicate with each other in order to obtain the optimum performance from the vehicle.

To achieve this end the individual systems are linked together by communication bus that permits data to be interchanged between the systems at  a very high data transfer speed; systems that operate at high speeds of data transfer are said to operate in ’real time’.

The advantage of Computer Controlled Vehicle Systems, the systems taking of tasks originally controlled by driver, the driver has more time to concentrate on the remaining tasks which are more difficult to automate.

A further advantage with a computerized controlling of vehicle systems originally managed by the driver is the faster and more precise control process achievable.
Computer Controlled Vehicle Systems

Computer animation

Computer animation refers to any computer-based computation used in producing images intended to create the perception of motion.

Computer animation production has borrowed most of the ideas from conventional animation production, including the use of a storyboard, test shots, and pencil testing.

Drawings can be originated either by hand or directly into the computer using the animation program or another image creation program such as Adobe Photoshop or Illustrators.

Two leading 2D animation programs used in Britain and the US are Animo and Toonz. Others, popular in various parts of the world, include Retas!Pro and MediaPegs.

Computer animation is often combined with live-action material and is a process, which consist of three separated stages: creating the computer animation, photographing the live action and combining the two into a seemingly single integral image.

Computer animation has been widely used in advertising for several years. In fact, at one time, it was the major application for computer animation. Today, computer animation is still very popular, but has become so sophisticated that is not always possible to detect when it is being used.
Computer animation 

Computer aided design (CAD)

Computer aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis or optimization of a design.

It involves the integration of computer science methods and engineering sciences in a computer-based system providing a data base, a program library and a communication subsystem.

CAD implies by definition that the computer in not used when the designer is most effective and vice versa.

A CAD-system contains hardware and software components, which are effectively integrated into one system. The CAD hardware typically includes the computer, one or more graphic display terminal, keyboards and other peripheral equipment.

The CAD software consists of the computer programs to implement computer graphics on the system plus application programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company.

By implementing CAD, it will increase productivity of the designer through the visualization of the product and its component, sub-assemblies and related parts and by reducing the time necessary for the development of a conceptual design analysis and documentation.

By using CAD design error can be eliminated at the early stages of design.

Today most CAD system only supports the detailing process with tbe goal of generating a finished technical documentation of the technical solution which can be used for manufacturing and assembly.
Computer aided design (CAD)

Desktop publishing

The term desktop publishing describes the process of producing a document using a personal computer. It is the people ability to design and create printed matter themselves.

Desktop publishing allows the user and organization to create brochures, fliers, newsletter, advertisements and manuals without having to visit a print shop.

Many desktop publishing programs have predefined templates that allow the user to add their own text and graphics to quickly customize a publication.

Word processing packages and desktop publishing packages like Adobe PageMaker and QuarkXPress are used to do desktop publishing.

Typically, text material and graphics can be generated by word processing and graphic packages and imported as texts and graphics files.

Desktop publishing also provides the option of creating a digital publication.

Optical scanners may be used to input text and graphics from printed material. Files of clip arts also can be used, which are redrawn graphic illustrations provided by the software package or available from other sources.

The heart of desktop publishing is a page design process called page makeup or page composition. Most of the high-end desktop publishing software programs permit index tables to be created and will allow cross referencing of text within books or document.

Text materials and illustrations are then merged into the page format that has been design before.

The software will automatically move excess text to another column or page and help size and place illustrations and headings.

Most desktop publishing packages provide WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) displays so user can see exactly what the finished document will look like before it is printed.

Today, a personal computer with design and desktop publishing software is all that’s needed. While desktop publishing is typically associated with publication layouts and books, it’s term that extends to billboard, product packaging and just any other medium.
Desktop publishing  

Software Piracy

Computer programs are valuable property and thus are the subject of theft from computer systems. However, unauthorized copying of software or software piracy is also a major form of software theft.

Piracy is robbery, an infringement of a copyright. Therefore anything that is copyrighted can be pirated and almost anything worth copywriting is worth pirating.

Small time infringement is so commonplace - taping a television show, photocopying sheet music, or recording music for a friend – that it is hard to imagine that it hurts anyone.

Software piracy takes many forms. Examples of end-user piracy include friends loaning distribution discs to each other and installing software on more computers than the license allows.

Several major cases involving the unauthorized copying of software have been widely reported.

This include lawsuit by software associations against major corporations that allowed unauthorized copying of their programs.

Loss of commercial revenue due to software pricy in 2011, worldwide estimated 58.8 billon US dollars.

This lost revenue deprives software companies of the remuneration to which they are entitled for their efforts in developing and distributing software.


Analysts believe that the internet is a major factor in piracy growth. In fact, access to high speed internet connections makes it much easier to download large software flies quickly.

In the United Sates, commercial software packages are protected by the Computer Software Piracy and Counterfeiting Amendment to the Federal Copyright Act.

In most cases, the purchase of a commercial software package is really a payment to licenses its fair use by an individual end user.
Software Piracy 

Unauthorized use of computer system

Two risks related to network and the internet are unauthorized access and unauthorized use. The unauthorized use of computer systems and networks can be called time and resource theft.

Access control systems are used to control access to a computer, network or other resource.

Unauthorized can occur even if the user is authorized to access that computer or network but is not authorized for that particular activity.

This include possessed knowledge access systems that use password or other types of possessed knowledge; possessed object access systems  that use physical objects and biometric access system.

For employees of some companies, checking personal e-mail at work might be classified as unauthorized use.

The unauthorized use, access, modification and destruction of hardware, software, data or network resource is defined as computer crime by the Association of Information Technology Professionals.
Unauthorized use of computer system 

What is Trojan horse in computing?

A Trojan horse is a common type of rogue software. The term ‘trojan horse’ is used to describe something that appears to be a gift, but that actually is a trap. In the computer security, the term has materialized into ‘a program that appears to be cool, but that erases all files’.

Trojan horses have been around since the first computers. One of the simplest and oldest types of Trojan horses is a password-stealing program.

These are especially common on shared computers used by many different people such as those in a school computer laboratory.

A trojan horse is a type of computer program that programs an ostensibly useful function but contains a hidden function that compromises the host system’s security. In contrast to viruses and worms, Trojans do not duplicate.

An author of a Trojan horse program might first create or gain access to the source code of a useful program that is attractive to other users, and then add code so that the program performs some harmful function in addition to its useful function.

Just like the ancient Greek ruse from which is derives its name, Trojan horse programs rely on trickery. Trojan horses usually run only once, but that is enough to wipe out files, steal passwords or cause other types of damage.

Once the user loads it on the machine, the Trojan horse will then either deliver a second program, such as a virus or worm, or simply take some malicious action itself.

Since Trojan horses are usually installed by users themselves, the security countermeasure for this attack is to prevent downloads and installation by end users.
What is Trojan horse in computing?

What is mobile internet?

The internet era started in 1969. The key driver for the internet protocol (IP) – based network is a common application and service environment across multiple types of networks.

The internet is to continue playing a prominent role in shaping the future of the computing over the next decade. So, it is not surprise that major technology players are formulating their strategies around the internet and the mobility factor.

By definition the internet is a network of millions of users who communicate by means of standard internet protocol. Therefore, mobile internet refers to the acces of the mobile terminal including mobile phone, PDA, netbook, IPod, IPad, tablet to the internet and its services though the mobile communication network.

The internet, the web and the mobile terminal form a powerful combination of technologies that are transforming the ways in which the people interact with each other and with information.

The internet has absorbed all types of media, video, pictures, music and other forms of creative content. While a lot of things have changed, still a lot remain the same. More and more people are enjoying content on line such as reading blogs and sharing photos.

Whether they are looking for fun, information, entertainment or social connection, they want to experience everything to the fullest.

Mobile is the perfect example since more consumers are soon expected to come and go from the Net via their mobile devices rather than desktop. By providing compelling services to consumers, developer, publishers and advertisers, the plan might just bear fruits.
What is mobile internet?

How does ‘Denial of Service’ attack works?

A denial of service attack is an act of sabotage that attempts to flood a network server or Web server with so many requests for action until it crashes simply cannot handle legitimate requests any longer, causing legitimates users to be denied service.

The attack overwhelms the system’s ability to process web traffic and eventually crashes it.

Denial-of-service attacks can compromise the computers in a network. They can disorganize an organization’s functioning, depending on the nature of the attack.

University security experts were the first to discover the threat of denial of service attacks hiding in the university computer systems. For example, David Dittrich of the University of Washington discovered denial of service program files stored on the university servers’ months before the first widely publicized attacks on E-ecommerce web sites.

Denial of service attacks can be very costly in terms of business lost such as when an e-commerce site is shut down.

The attack, which would typically come from several compromised machine at once, would consumed network bandwidth and use up processing unit cycles on the target machine.

The goal is to stop hosts or networks for communicating in the network or to disrupt network traffic.

The concern would be what is called distributed denial of service attack where take a lot of compromised end systems and flood a server with the intent of making many request or delivering so much traffic to it that it falls off the network.

One of the reasons it takes so long to stop a denial-of-service attack is the hacker sends the bogus traffic using fake IP addresses.
How does ‘Denial of Service’ attack works?

Definition of computer

Almost every day the newspaper, televisions and electronic media carry reports of significant advances in computing, such as high speed supercomputers, high speed networks that transmit high definition image etc.

The word “computer” comes from the word “compute” which means to calculate. So a computer is normally considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at enormous speed.

It is a multipurpose device that accepts inputs, processes data, stores data and produces output, all according to a series of stored instruction.

The electronic computer is the most versatile and efficient machine for processing data. Data refers to symbols that represent facts, objects and ideas.

It has interrelated parts that provide the owner to accept data; to perform prescribed operation, either mathematical or logical; to supply the results of the operation and to keep the produced data or information.

Generally, the word COMPUTER means Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Training Education and Research.

More accurately, a computer may be defined as a device that operates upon information or data. Data can be anything like bio-data of various applicants when the computer is used for recruiting personnel, or the marks obtained by various students in various subjects when the computer is used to prepare results, or the details.

A computers can be used for various functions, eg. word processing, spreadsheets, databases, business accounting, desktop publishing, accessing the internet, sending email, playing games, movies, music, etc.

More precisely computer is an electronic device which works under the instructions of stored programs, automatically accepting the supplied data to analyze and process the data to produce the information called the result or output of that processing.

Computers manipulate data in many ways and this manipulation is called processing. In a computer most processing takes place in a component called the central processing unit.

When computers were developed, it was thought that they would be fast calculating machines. But today most of the work done is of non-numerical in nature like processing the records of students or employees of details of passengers for reservation.

Definition of computer

Computer server

Server computers are designed to support a computer network that allows users to share files, applications and hardware resources.

The client computer consumes information provided by the server computer. There is two way interaction between the client and server computer, such that the client can also send information back to server computers.

Typically, the client is a local personal computer and the server is usually a more powerful computer that houses the data.

As server computer is normally used to serve other computer in the network in terms of file storage and resources management, data communications, printing management and other computer functions.

Servers are oriented to carrying large workloads, which may consist of either single complex applications – usually a scientific or engineering application – or handling many small jobs, such as would occur in building a large web server.

There are many types of servers:
• File servers
• Print servers
• Web servers
• Mail servers
• Database servers

Characteristics of a server computer include the following:
• It can communicate with other networks.
• It enhances communication speed within the network.
• It has high-end CPU power with a large capacity in the hard drive.
• Some have more than one CPU, providing parallel processing capabilities.
• It has a large memory capacity.

A server computer could be either a high end microcomputer or a powerful microcomputer with minicomputer like functions.

Supercomputer consist of hundreds to thousands of processors and usually terabytes of memory and petabytes of storage.

At low end, a server may be little more than a desktop computer without a screen or keyboard and cost a thousand dollars.

Computer server

Computer technologies for business

There are many offices today that do not have at least one computer, while most are connected to the internet and have email facilities.

In a small office standalone PCs are often used or linked together with special software which enables sharing of data and a printer.

In olden days the business faced high problems due to non-availability of accurate data which hampered the decision making process.

Information systems are used in all business domains. For example, finance uses information to forecast revenues and maximize investment, make selections on stocks and even predicts bankruptcies.

The information helps in generating reposts which aids in business decision making. Accounting uses information systems to record transactions, prepare financial statements, manage cash flow, or predict profit or loss.

The automated accounting procedures is based upon various interactive sub-systems which help in generating a consolidated set of information with individual break up of each information.

In marketing, information systems are used to develop new merchandise and services, target customer segments, determine the locations for production and distribution facilities (so that the cost can be reduced and more customers will be attracted), formulate price strategies (to maximize total profits), and even develop the promotion policies (so that advertising will be more efficient). It is a system used for managing marketing information that is gathered continually from internal and external sources.

In manufacturing, information systems are used to process customer orders, develop production schedules, design new products, and test the quality of products.

It also helps in reduction in cost due to minimal manpower requirement.

Businesses that use multiple computers often set up a computer network. The network allows them to share and exchange information. As a result, information retrieval can be efficient and available. Current Internet technology provides businesses with a variety of external business information.

Multimedia information transmissions (with text, graphics, image and video) are also available on the internet.

With the impact of the Internet, Intranet becomes another new technology popular to business. The internet can provide access to data across continents at low costs. Intranet is a small version of the Internet within one organization. It provides almost the same services as the Internet, but with better security and privacy.

Expert system play a major strategic role in helping the mangers effectively manage the change of business and the complexity of their operations. Expert systems will core-side with excellent traditional management information system already in operation, in the major function, of sales, engineering, manufacturing and field services.

A computer may be efficiently used in many processing operation that has one or more of the following characteristics: large volume of input, repetition of projects, desired greater speed in processing, greater accuracy and processing complexities that require electronic help.

Computer technologies for business

Business on Internet

The term internet business means different things to different people. To some, internet business is simply having a website and e-mail capability through which customers can place an order request, a quote or make reservation. For other people, internet business is having website that enables customers to order and submit their credit card information online.

Internet businesses give people the convenience of shopping online without having to physically visit the shop. Faster connection speeds make it a breeze for people to buy online.

Internet business must have a passion for the product or service they expect to sell.

An Internet business is the way to go to achieve whatever way you prefer to work. With an Internet business you can achieve many benefits that no other business can afford.

The first benefit of an internet business is the global marketplace you will have access to. You can do business in any country of the world when you do business on the Internet.

Internet is the biggest and fastest growing market in the world. The Internet is the most far reaching commodity, affording opportunities to reach beyond your community to the world at large. The internet makes is possible for you to reach millions of people in the world, and since it is online all the time you can even reach your customers while you are sleeping.

Once you have set up your web business, your website can be store front to the world and placed side by side with the websites of other giant website.

Access to a global marketplace increases the market share your business can strive for. When you can market your products and services across the nation and the world, you can achieve unbelievable financial success.

The next benefit to an Internet business is the opportunity you will have to expand your mind and learn new things.

Many skills will be learned as you gain experience or can take a quick business course through community college, adult education or distance learning.

You will learn about people, about marketing, about computers, and about business. You are paid to learn when you run an Internet business.

You’ll learn a great deal of new information needed to be a successful online merchant.

The third benefit to this new lifestyle is the lifestyle. You will be able to choose your own hours. This simple freedom means you can choose what to do with your days. You can choose to golf when it is sunny and work over when it is nice. You can choose to work early in the morning to free your afternoons to softball in the park or a day trip.

You can take your business anywhere with you. You are not tied down to one location. You don’t need expensive office rentals, exorbitant renovations or a lot of employees.

Financial success, time, and flexibility are yours for the taking when you decide to take the leap into an online business. Check out your options today, and just see where you could be in a year's time.

With very little effort, you could be a successful business owner operating on your own time. You work less hours. With more time on your hands, you can spend quality time with family.
Business on Internet