E-business

Electronic business (e-business) can be defined as the use of the internet to network and empower business processes, electronic commerce, organizational communication and collaboration within a company and with its customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders.

E-business is the use of Internet technology to facilitate doing business. This handbook demonstrates that not all e-business activities have to be complex or costly to achieve benefits. Small businesses that are new to the world of e-business will find information and tools that will help them get started.

An online transaction can be 100% online for electronic products such as music, video clips, e-books, air tickets , cinema tickets, hotel booking , share trading, banking service and more.

Almost any e-commerce initiative will require support activities and services, as well as plans for attracting visitors to a website.  
◗Developing a website
◗Hosting the website and selecting and registering a domain name
◗Developing, updating, and managing the content of a website
◗Designing a website for maximum usability
◗Providing support services

There are three general categories of e-business as described below:
*Business to Consumer (B2C)
*Business to Business (B2B)
*Business to Government (B2G)

Success in the online marketplace is never an assured outcome. As in the brick-and-mortar marketplace, the failure rate for online companies is high.
E-business

Language of computer programming

Computer is a problem solving device. When a particular problem is to be solved, it is necessary to design a set of instructions for the computer to perform.

A computer program consists of a series of instructions for the computer to run, plus any necessary data required for performing those instructions, the process of programming consists of defining those instructions and that data.

A programming language (PL) is a set of a symbols and characters, words and grammar rules that permits people to construct instructions in the format that can be interpret by the computer system. The set of instructions in a PL is known as ‘program.’ All PL languages can be divided into three categories:
*High Level Language or Problem Oriented
*Middle Level Language
*Low Level Language or Machine Oriented

The language in which binary code is used to instruct and thus write a program is known as machine language. A typical machine-level language instruction contains essentially two parts:
*Operations part: in which specifies what is to be performed.
*Address part: specifies the location of data to be manipulated.

The machine language and assembly language are examples of low level languages. Program written in these languages are not transferable from one computer to another. High level languages are the third generation languages.

These are procedure –oriented languages and are a machine independent. Programs are written in English-like statements.
Language of computer programming

Categories of Groupware

Workgroup software, more commonly known as groupware, helps individuals work in teams by sharing information. Groupware can be divided into three categories depending on the level of collaboration:

Communication can be thought of as unstructured interchange of information. Common communication types includes: discussion, action request, meeting announcement and reference documental, and are used to signal the intent and type of communication.

Conferencing refers to interactive work toward a shared goal. Brainstorming or voting are examples of this. Conferencing’s advantage over e-mail is that it allows many people to become involved, while e-mail is usually restricted to a small number of people.

Computer based conferencing is an increasingly popular business applications it enables the distributed or virtual business to operate when decision makers are geographically separated.

Co-ordination refers to complex interdependent work toward a shared goal. Coordination can be classified in two major categories: impersonal coordination and coordination by feedback.
Categories of Groupware 

Categories of computer filing system

File systems is the mechanism used by a computer system to map the specific locations of information stored in nonvolatile storage.

File systems are classified into the following four categories:
*Disk file system: A system used for storing and recovering the files on a storage device, such as a hard disk, floppy disks, CD-ROMs that is directly or indirectly connected to a computer.

*Network file system: It is a type of file system that provides access to files on other computers on a network. The primary function of network file system is to mount directories to other computers. These directories can then be accessed as though they were local. With the advent of network file system, shared file name spaces were possible – many computers could see and access the same files at the same time.

*Database file system: Earlier file system a hierarchial management structure, but in the database file system files are identified by their characteristics, like the name, type, topic and author.

*Special purpose file system: A file system where the files are organized by software during runtime. This type of file system is used for various purposes, such as communication between computer processes or temporary file space. The system can often high-speed interconnection networks that avoid some performance problems.
Categories of computer filing system 

Navigation process

Hyperspace provided by a hypermedia/hypertext-based resource is generally composed of numerous pages.

Navigation process guides user goes through a serial, multi-step process to complete some complex task.

A process step indicator (navigation bar) is often used to provide an overview to users about where they are and what they need to go through to finish the process.

The navigation process involves making a sequence of the pages, which is called navigation path.

The movement between the various pages is often driven by a local goal called navigation goal to search for the page that fulfills it.

There are three categories of navigation:
Structural navigation: connects one page to another based on the hierarchy of the site; on any page the user expect to be able to move to the page about it and pages below it.

Associate navigation: connects pages with similar topics and content, regardless of their location in the site; links tend to cross structural boundaries.

Utility navigation: Connect pages and features that keep people use the site itself; these may lie outside the main hierarchy of the site, and their only relationship to one another is their function.

In some browsers, users can also navigate through the web by typing only a domain name because the browsers will automatically expand it into a URL that may identified a website.

As websites have grown more complex, discovering the site has often to be followed by a second navigation process to find relevant information or pages within the site.

Many navigation tools provide explicit information, such as a site map, site index, tabs, or hierarchical menu, which also serve this function.
Navigation process