Characteristics of transaction processing system

A transaction processing system (TPS) is a system that captures, enters, stores, retrieves, and processes the relevant details of business events and generates the information and documents necessary for running the business.

TPS are aimed at improving the routine business activities on which all organizations depend.

A transaction is any event or activity that affects the organization which occur as part of doing business, such as sales, purchases, deposit, withdrawals, refunds and payments. A transaction is the action that an entity performs beyond itself, i.e., on another entity.

Hence a transaction, at the simplest level, can be defined as an event involving the action of one entity on another.

Common transactions include placing orders, billing customers, hiring employees, and depositing cheques.

The 4 characteristics of TPS include:
*Rapid Response = Fast performance with a rapid response time is critical.
*Reliability = Failure rate must be very low
*Inflexibility = a TPS wants every transaction to be processed in the same way regardless of user. If TPS were flexible there would be too many opportunities for non-standard operations (less consistency).
*Controlled processing = the processing in a TPS must support an organisation’s operations.
Characteristics of transaction processing system

What is malware?

Malware is a set of instructions that run on the computer and make the computer system do something that an attacker wants it to do.

Malware is an abbreviation for Malicious Software. A great upsurge of malware began in late 2005 when producing malware change from a computer geek hobby to an activity of organized crime.

Some malware are designed to steal confidential information; some to cause damage by causing computer systems to fail; other are programmed to deny access to computer resources.

Malware has the ability to corrupt files, alter or delete data, distribute confidential data, disable hardware and cause to a hard drive to crash.

There are three characteristics associated with malware types:
*Self-replicating
*The population growth of malware describes the overall change in the number of malware instances due to self-replication. Malware that doesn’t self-replicate will always have a zero population growth, but malware with a zero population growth may self-replicate.
*Parasitic malware requires some their executable code in order to exist.

There are three types of malware that people who connect to the internet need to be concerned about:
*Infectious
*Concealer
*Profit malware

Malware can spread over all medium of modern digital communication including the internet, via e-mails, and instant messaging networks. Thus all forms of digital communication are at risk of being exploited by malware to infect users.
What is malware?

Characteristics of computer: Versatility

Computer is versatile in nature. Multi-processing features of computer makes it quiet versatile in nature.

It can control a variety of jobs in various field. The computer can performing any job provided he had a set of program and its related data.

One moment, it is preparing the results of particular examination, the next moment it is busy preparing electricity bills, and in between it may be helping an office secretary to trace an important letter in seconds. 

When a computer is engaged in preparing financial statements, it may be used for writing a letter or may be used for playing game simultaneously.

Computers are creative tools for musicians. Motion picture industry uses computers for special effects.

In schools, computers help in imparting education in a better way, and in the industry computer-assisted robots do all kinds of tedious jobs, especially in industries involving assembly of heavy machines, automobiles, etc.

A number of characteristic contribute to the computer’s versatility include;
*its speed
*its ability to conveniently store, retrieve and manipulate large volume of data
*Its flexibility to interface
Characteristics of computer: Versatility

Characteristics of computer: Accuracy

Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of accuracy of a particular computer depends on the instructions and the type of processor.

But for a particular computer, each and every calculation is performed. For example, the computer can accurately give the result of division of any two numbers up to 10 decimal places.

The accuracy of the result obtained from computer mainly depends on the method of programming and the way the results are interpreted.

Computer is capable of doing only what is instructed to do, faulty instructions for processing the data automatically lead to faulty results.

Computer is based on the principal of Garbage in Garbage out (GIGO) if wrong data inputted than a wrong output would be produced.

High accuracy implies small error, but accuracy is contrasted with precision e.g. three places of decimals properly computed are less but more accurate that four places of decimals containing an error.

Because of the binary nature of computer operations they are highly reproducible in a properly coded program.

This translates into superhuman accuracy in operations such as calculation and comparisons. Searching is one operation that takes full advantage of the speed and accuracy of computer operations. Characteristics of computer: Accuracy

Characteristics of computer: Speed

Computer performs both simple and complex operations, with speed and accuracy. It can work at enormously high speed.

The total time needed to execute application programs is the most important measure of computer system performance.

It executes a variety of instruction. It can add and subtract numbers compare of letters to determine alphabetic sequence move, copy numbers and letters.

Computer operations for example, execution of an instruction are measured in millisecond, nanoseconds and picoseconds (one thousandth, one millionth, one billionth and one trillionth of a second respectively).

High speed computer can perform 3 to 4 million simple arithmetic operations per second. The processing speed is based on its ‘cycle time’.

The average desktop computer‘s cycle time is 900 - 1000 nanoseconds. It means that in one nanosecond the computer can perform 900-1000 operations.

The speed of computers system depends on various factors, including:
*Hardware
*Programming language
*Pipelining
*Parallelism
*Memory
*Compatibility
Characteristics of computer: Speed

Characteristic of internet communication

Consuming resources responding to change and generating offspring, the internet may not be alive in literally sense, but it displays characteristics that are certainly vibrant.

Internet communication, especially chats, instant massages or emails, presents several characteristics that minimize expose to other or being judged by others.

*The partners to the communication are invisible to one another, except for much less frequent use of video communication though webcam. Partners of interactions may remain totally anonymous and present themselves under a nickname.

*Another important aspect of internet communication is the lack of physical presence and in particular of face to face. Orthographic rules are not considered as being important and commas are only used if they are necessary to make oneself understood.

In chat room, one can just observe communications, with no fear of being seen by others or of being asked to participate in the interaction.

*Internet allows a better control of the social interaction itself. Individuals not only can choose with whom and when to communicate but also have time to compose the message and they feel less pressure. When the person writes they tend to express things that might not be expressed at all in other modes of communication.

*Internet communication requires simpler communication skills than real-life face to face interaction.

*Most internet communication is based on typed text, images, animation, and sound. Messages can be easily be saved, retrieved, copied, forwarded, encrypted and backed up.

Internet communication in allows people to optimally combine form and contents that as necessary for a successful communication.

*Internet communication can include a visually attractive environment documents such as white paper or position paper for download, search tools, or interactive document, thereby better fulfilling the needs of the recipients.
Characteristic of internet communication

The Characteristics of Computers

Much of the world runs on computers and computers profoundly changed human life mostly for better. What is the characteristics for computer:

 • Speed
A computer is a very fast device. It can carry out instructions at a very high speed obediently, uncritically and without exhibiting any emotions. It can perform in a few seconds the amount of work that a human being can do in an entire year – if he work day and night and is nothing else.

Some calculation that would have taken hours and days to complete otherwise, can be completed in a few seconds using the computer. The speed of computer is calculated in MHz, that is one million instructions per second.

 • Accuracy 
Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of accuracy of a particular computer depends on the instructions and the type of processor. But for a particular computer, each and every calculation is performed. For example, the computer accurately give the result of division of any number up to 10 decimal points.

 • Versatility 
Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about computer. Multi-processing features of computer makes it quiet versatile in nature. One moment, it is preparing the results of particular examination, the next moment it is busy preparing electricity bills, and in between it may be helping an office secretary to trace an important letter in seconds.

It can perform different types of tasks with same ease. All that is required to change its talent is to slip in a new program into it. Briefly, a computer is capable of performing almost any task provided that the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps.

 • Reliability 
 Computer provide very high speed accompanied by an equality high level for reliability. Thus computers never make mistakes of their own accord.

 • Power of Remembering
A computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. Every piece of information can be retain as long as desired by the user and it can be recalled information almost instantaneously. Even after several years, the information recalled will be as accurate as on the day when it was fed to the computer.

 • No I.Q 
A computer is a magical device. It can only perform tasks that a human being can. The difference is that it performs these tasks with unthinkable speed and accuracy.

It posses no intelligence of its own. Its I.Q is zero at least till today. It can only perform what is programmed to do. Hence, only the user can determine what tasks a computer will perform. Computers have no sense of meaning, cannot perceive and are only able to make simple robotic decision about the data they receive.

 • Common Data Used
One item can be involved in several different procedures or accessed, update and inspected by a number of different users. This can hinder the work of those who need access to data. As the time is changing, more and more facilities are being added to the computers they can perform but in practical life many tasks are limited to these basic operations.

 • Diligence 
The computer is a machine, does not suffer from the human traits of tiredness. Nor does it loses concentration even after working continuously for a long time.

This characteristics is especially useful for those jobs where same tasks is done again and again. It can perform long and complex calculations with same speed and accuracy from the start till the end.

 • Storage
The computers have a lot of a storage devices which can store a tremendous amount of data. Data storage is essential function of the computer. Second storage devices like floppy disk can store a large amount of data permanently.
The Characteristics of Computers