tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45450223343778800422024-03-06T20:22:48.032-08:00COMPUTER SYSTEMUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger255125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-36299894010528545372024-03-06T20:21:00.000-08:002024-03-06T20:21:46.222-08:00Understanding Pharming: A Deeper Dive into Online FraudPharming, derived from the word "farming," symbolizes the cultivation of malevolent intentions within the digital domain. It epitomizes a sophisticated form of online fraud wherein wrongdoers implant cunning code onto unsuspecting users' devices, leading them down a perilous path of deceit. Unlike its precursor, phishing, which relies on enticing bait to lure victims to fraudulent sites, pharming employs a more insidious tactic by autonomously redirecting users to counterfeit websites, irrespective of their intentions.<br /><br />At the core of pharming lie two principal attack avenues: malware-based assaults and DNS server poisoning. The former exploits weaknesses in users' systems, often facilitated through the unwitting installation of malware like Trojans or viruses via nefarious emails or software downloads. Once entrenched, this malware covertly diverts users to counterfeit websites meticulously crafted by cybercriminals. Through these bogus gateways, perpetrators efficiently harvest sensitive personal data or login credentials, leaving victims none the wiser.<br /><br />Malware-based pharming operates by infiltrating users' computers, subtly altering locally hosted files, and manipulating stored IP addresses. These corrupted files act as silent collaborators, automatically guiding users towards the fraudulent websites orchestrated by attackers. Consequently, even vigilant users navigating to legitimate websites find themselves ensnared in the web of deceit spun by pharming perpetrators.<br /><br />Conversely, DNS server poisoning represents a more systemic assault on the digital infrastructure. The Domain Name System (DNS), responsible for directing users' website requests to correct IP addresses, becomes compromised, leading to the rerouting of traffic towards alternative or counterfeit destinations. Unlike the malware-centric approach, DNS server poisoning operates at a higher echelon, targeting vulnerabilities within the DNS infrastructure itself. By corrupting DNS tables, attackers orchestrate large-scale deception, redirecting unsuspecting users to fraudulent websites en masse.<br /><br />The ramifications of pharming are extensive and profound. Beyond the immediate financial losses incurred by victims, the erosion of trust in online transactions and communication channels poses a significant societal challenge. Moreover, the evolution of pharming underscores the relentless adaptability of cybercriminals, necessitating robust countermeasures and heightened vigilance from individuals, organizations, and regulatory bodies alike.<br /><br />In conclusion, pharming represents a paradigm shift in online fraud, leveraging advanced techniques to entangle unsuspecting users in a web of deception. Through malware-based attacks and DNS server poisoning, cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities at both the individual and systemic levels, presenting a formidable challenge to cybersecurity efforts. As the digital landscape evolves, comprehending and mitigating the risks posed by pharming are imperative to safeguarding the integrity of online interactions and transactions.<br /><i>Understanding Pharming: A Deeper Dive into Online Fraud</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-74484272976958714932024-02-17T07:19:00.000-08:002024-02-17T07:19:24.882-08:00E-Care Revolution: Enhancing Customer ExperienceOnline customer care plays a pivotal role in modern business marketing strategies. Beyond merely driving revenues, effective marketing efforts also prioritize enhancing the customer experience, recognizing its significance in fostering loyalty and repeat business.<br /><br />In today's digital landscape, where online shoppers exhibit impatience and fickleness, retailers are acutely aware of the challenges posed by high shopping-cart abandonment rates, which can range from 20% to 60% per transaction according to various studies. Consequently, investments in advanced customer-care technologies have become imperative. Retailers are leveraging tools such as internet telephony, dynamic FAQs, and text chat systems to promptly address customer queries and facilitate seamless transactions.<br /><br />Sophisticated customer care systems capable of seamlessly managing both online and offline inquiries are instrumental in fostering customer retention in electronic channels, thereby contributing to the establishment of e-brand loyalty. Research underscores the correlation between customer satisfaction and loyalty, as contented customers are more inclined to repeatedly patronize the same business, even if it entails paying a premium.<br /><br />Furthermore, retailers are increasingly focusing on integrating previously disparate communication channels such as email, phone, and chat systems. This integration not only streamlines response times but also enhances overall customer experience, consequently driving sales.<br /><br />The accessibility afforded by websites enables businesses to provide round-the-clock customer assistance, catering to consumers' needs 24/7, 365 days a year. In industries like cruise tourism, where purchase decisions are often impulsive, rapid responses are paramount. Capitalizing on the peak of consumer interest is crucial for converting prospects into customers.<br /><br />The success story of Amazon, which pioneered the online retail space, underscores the importance of innovation in enhancing the customer experience. Recognizing the limitations of traditional retail amenities, Amazon focused on novel approaches to engage and satisfy its customers, setting a precedent for customer-centric business models.<br /><br />Moreover, some companies are embracing voice-over-IP technology to facilitate real-time communication with customers while they browse online. As human customer service representatives become increasingly marginalized in e-commerce, embedding intelligence into web interactions becomes imperative for delivering superior customer care.<br /><br />In conclusion, the evolution of online customer care reflects a paradigm shift in marketing strategies, emphasizing the centrality of customer experience in driving business success. By leveraging advanced technologies and adopting customer-centric approaches, businesses can not only mitigate shopping-cart abandonment but also cultivate enduring customer relationships in the digital era.<br /><i>E-Care Revolution: Enhancing Customer Experience<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Entk8sNOKuH-lxO0GJT50E-8_DNjTl68ob4OqOa17QAiAxi0oM9Dukybwrx4YQKZJKKALJywHyxYJ_s89E8nAw9goC92uzXH8aqz5H8jr9gDbarhnudN5-gIfKqoA07qq7bJB19aCvTs-gfZSK3DWxRO1pQ-buL4felAxjRAEuSclOPm-CseWXTDr2cY/s313/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="313" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Entk8sNOKuH-lxO0GJT50E-8_DNjTl68ob4OqOa17QAiAxi0oM9Dukybwrx4YQKZJKKALJywHyxYJ_s89E8nAw9goC92uzXH8aqz5H8jr9gDbarhnudN5-gIfKqoA07qq7bJB19aCvTs-gfZSK3DWxRO1pQ-buL4felAxjRAEuSclOPm-CseWXTDr2cY/w392-h299/1.jpg" width="392" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-33108685230364259212024-02-01T07:17:00.000-08:002024-02-01T07:17:57.670-08:00Global Success in Online BusinessThe notion of internet business varies, with some perceiving it as a website incorporating email functionalities for customer interactions, while others see it as a platform facilitating online orders and credit card transactions.<br /><br />Internet businesses bring forth the convenience of online shopping, negating the necessity for physical store visits, thanks to the swifter internet speeds that enable seamless transactions.<br /><br />Achieving success in internet businesses demands a genuine passion for the products or services provided, offering numerous advantages not present in other ventures.<br /><br />A key benefit is the accessibility to the global marketplace, enabling businesses to operate internationally and connect with customers worldwide.<br /><br />The internet, being the largest and fastest-growing global market, empowers businesses to expand beyond local communities, reaching millions of people globally, even during non-working hours.<br /><br />Transforming a web business establishes the website as a global storefront, alongside other prominent websites, enhancing market share and financial success.<br /><br />Access to a global marketplace amplifies potential market share, with the flexibility to market nationally and internationally, opening pathways for substantial growth.<br /><br />Internet business also promotes continuous learning and skill development through hands-on experience and courses in community colleges, adult education, or distance learning.<br /><br />This business model presents lifestyle benefits, allowing entrepreneurs to select flexible working hours and strike a balance between work and personal activities such as golfing or family time.<br /><br />Running the business from any location further eliminates the need for costly office rentals and excessive employees.<br /><br />Venturing into online business offers attainable financial success, efficient time management, and flexibility. Exploring options today can lead to significant progress within a year, enabling individuals to become successful business owners with more free time for quality moments with family.<br /><i>Global Success in Online Business<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPPiZcuRAmC_AV_4Kf-gY3ZH2lTqp70nuXqS08eiQs9SL88db-XaVbSrAsOGU0UaalBWLM3JwL4ys-IFdaWzSqAZ54KcpN4PkyJcBLFB7X_gkR0aG97yzbKPkCKQFSBU7UIfGcDdsd_yDxRm3x_6Po8c_zmkIHiqK1fWAyKqv_789RMIYZ_thN0nb63af/s600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAPPiZcuRAmC_AV_4Kf-gY3ZH2lTqp70nuXqS08eiQs9SL88db-XaVbSrAsOGU0UaalBWLM3JwL4ys-IFdaWzSqAZ54KcpN4PkyJcBLFB7X_gkR0aG97yzbKPkCKQFSBU7UIfGcDdsd_yDxRm3x_6Po8c_zmkIHiqK1fWAyKqv_789RMIYZ_thN0nb63af/w400-h266/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-43191320514362601232024-01-20T06:25:00.000-08:002024-01-20T06:25:18.348-08:00Software Trends: Future EvolutionSoftware plays a crucial role in facilitating the emergence of new economies and propelling scientific advancements. It not only opens up new markets but also contributes to enhanced reliability.<br /><br />A noticeable shift is occurring away from custom-designed programs developed by in-house professional programmers. Instead, there is a growing inclination to adopt off-the-shelf software solutions obtained by end users from various vendors.<br /><br />The landscape has witnessed the emergence of numerous development tools and languages, aiming to simplify software development or cater to the evolving needs of different environments.<br /><br />This shift gained momentum with the introduction of affordable and user-friendly application software packages, coupled with versatile software suites designed for microcomputers. Acquiring software often proves to be a more cost-effective option than building it from scratch.<br /><br />This trend has further intensified with the integration of web-enabled networking capabilities and collaborative features into software packages. These enhancements optimize their utility for end users and workgroups on the internet, corporate intranets, and extranets.<br /><br />Moreover, many software packages can now be downloaded, updated, managed, rented, or leased through the internet and corporate intranets, provided by software companies or application service providers.<br /><br />Certain software packages incorporate intelligent agents to execute activities based on user instructions. For instance, specific email packages use intelligent agents to organize, send, and filter email messages.<br /><br />These overarching trends appear to be converging, leading to the emergence of a fifth generation of powerful, multipurpose, expert-assisted, and web-enabled software packages. These advanced tools feature natural language and graphical interfaces, supporting the productivity and collaboration of both end users and information systems professionals.<br /><br />In the last seven to eight years, tools and practices have emerged, emphasizing the social aspects of computer-mediated interactions. Referred to as social software and social media, these encompass applications such as blogs, microblogs, wikis, social networking sites, real-time chat systems, and collaborative classification systems.<br /><br />Around three to four years ago, a significant trend in software certification arose, partly driven by public dissatisfaction with the vulnerabilities of software-based systems. Failures in online banking and trading systems, along with widely publicized security breaches, led to widespread chaos. Consequently, there is a growing demand for certifying software systems as both fit for use and secure.<br /><br />Cloud computing, a transformative technology, has introduced a new model where data and computation take place in a 'cloud' managed by a third party. This model delivers hardware systems, software, and applications as services over the internet.<br /><i>Software Trends: Future Evolution</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-79770540183073051172023-12-14T07:36:00.000-08:002023-12-14T07:49:19.670-08:00Motherboard: CPU Communication HubFunctioning as the central communication hub of a computer, the motherboard connects internal and external components. This circuit board integrates diverse connections, facilitating the interaction among components like the CPU, RAM, and storage devices (CD, DVD, hard disk, etc.), as well as peripherals connected through ports or expansion slots.<br /><br />An excellent-quality motherboard incorporates additional features like built-in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and USB ports. Motherboards play a crucial role in virtually all computers, especially in desktops and laptops.<br /><br />The motherboard's primary role is to establish connections and facilitate communication among different hardware elements, emphasizing the interaction between the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and GPU (Graphics Processing Unit). The CPU, often likened to the computer's "brain," is positioned on the motherboard within the computer case and is tasked with executing commands.<br /><i>Motherboard: CPU Communication Hub<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjumMji6U4M5kJl7qzTGfOqAK7-zNQy15VqBs86Sik_eFDwXnOJ5V7uutFs4mhDuOTsOH29ud9AJw_MQMosmIUA3gHLwSlIpU6t-OIEOzZw1rOwlsXILm9fML8EaPGs7f3-DA2Io8yLdCenoOnnCUdlVo0JNKRCHtvgX0Cu0FV_qKHfJhIwJ9FeB1yE9Uev/s318/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="318" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjumMji6U4M5kJl7qzTGfOqAK7-zNQy15VqBs86Sik_eFDwXnOJ5V7uutFs4mhDuOTsOH29ud9AJw_MQMosmIUA3gHLwSlIpU6t-OIEOzZw1rOwlsXILm9fML8EaPGs7f3-DA2Io8yLdCenoOnnCUdlVo0JNKRCHtvgX0Cu0FV_qKHfJhIwJ9FeB1yE9Uev/w397-h297/1.jpg" width="397" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-53503105399893260872023-07-31T23:14:00.004-07:002023-07-31T23:14:37.941-07:00PCB (Printed Circuit Board) OverviewComputer circuit boards, commonly referred to as Printed Circuit Boards or PCBs, are rigid structures that contain embedded metal traces and larger metal areas called planes, forming the electrical circuitry. Components are soldered onto metal pads on the board, which establish connections to the circuitry.<br /><br />Electric circuits comprise wires and diverse components like light bulbs, transistors, computer chips, and motors. These circuits utilize conductive materials for the wires, with copper and aluminum being the most commonly used conductors. Gold is occasionally used to attach wires to small electronic chips due to its exceptional resistance to corrosion.<br /><br />Paul Eisler invented the PCB in 1936 while working on a radio. PCBs are constructed using plastic or fiberglass and serve as a foundation for ICs and other components. Before the advent of circuit boards, electronic components were much bulkier, and connections were made through point-to-point wire connections, resulting in a system that was not compact, highly fragile, and costly to produce.<br /><br />A prominent example of a PCB found in all modern computers is the motherboard, which is typically green due to the solder mask, but it can be found in various colors like red, blue, or black.<br /><br />In desktop computers, the motherboard acts as the largest circuit board and serves as the central hub connecting and facilitating communication with all other boards and devices.<br /><br />Typically, PCBs are made using non-substrate materials with multiple layers of copper circuitry. However, different types of PCBs can vary significantly in their construction. For instance, some printed circuit boards consist of only a single layer of copper circuitry, while more advanced PCBs may have 50 or more layers.<br /><br />Various types of PCBs include:<div>~Single-sided PCBs<br />~Double-sided PCBs<br />~Multi-Layer PCBs<br />~Rigid PCBs<br />~Flex Circuits<br />~Rigid-Flex PCBs<br />~High-Frequency PCBs<br />~Aluminum PCBs<br /><i>PCB (Printed Circuit Board) Overview<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtxyA7E2fc7CgwpdjNPvDPmWDaYWIy5L5Z847LI8_qkTIYc90F6VkIEiG6aWEi7rOAPb5K86yf_uFY9XNsGSSsitwwjz7UyERZbKwGpzNycHvcKLwb0pH0eoyFZ9v2LH6YGrUsMGg81_MXG19V2PkyijAO0bvQI0JXCP5s59wmHN4kdA9x2DUlJqqCOJoH/s625/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="625" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtxyA7E2fc7CgwpdjNPvDPmWDaYWIy5L5Z847LI8_qkTIYc90F6VkIEiG6aWEi7rOAPb5K86yf_uFY9XNsGSSsitwwjz7UyERZbKwGpzNycHvcKLwb0pH0eoyFZ9v2LH6YGrUsMGg81_MXG19V2PkyijAO0bvQI0JXCP5s59wmHN4kdA9x2DUlJqqCOJoH/w446-h263/1.jpg" width="446" /></a></div></i><ol style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f7f7f8; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; counter-reset: list-number 0; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 1.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><li style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; counter-increment: list-number 1; display: block; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 28px; padding-left: 0.375em;">
</li></ol></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-56092829019772999622023-07-06T17:02:00.001-07:002023-07-06T17:02:05.806-07:00Online business after sales service Providing efficient service and support to customers throughout the entire sales process has always presented a significant challenge. After-sales service refers to any assistance provided to customers after they have made a purchase. This support can come from various sources such as retailers, manufacturers, or third-party customer service or training providers.<br /><br />In economies where complex products are prevalent, customer service and after-sales support constitute substantial costs for many companies, often exceeding 10% of their operating costs. However, the importance of customer care has escalated further with the rise of electronic commerce, which has created an extensive online marketplace where companies must compete for customers who can easily switch to alternative options.<br /><br />The significance of after-sales service, its impact on fostering customer loyalty, and enhancing brand reputation are frequently overlooked in the realm of e-commerce. Customers should be able to receive prompt and effective assistance in addressing any issues they encounter with their purchased products. After-sales service involves a series of actions that follow a customer's purchase, with the primary objective of ensuring customer satisfaction and maintaining their engagement with the brand. Companies employ after-sales support as a strategic business approach due to its tendency to result in higher customer satisfaction, increased brand loyalty, and positive word-of-mouth marketing.<br /><br />To tackle these challenges, some companies have established new call centers that integrate various communication channels such as phone, email, and chat systems to interact with both online and offline customers. By allowing customers to directly access databases or "smart" manuals, companies can significantly reduce costs while simultaneously improving the quality of their service. While some companies choose to outsource after-sales support to third parties, others handle support requests and follow-up efforts internally.<br /><br />Improving the coordination of after-sales services provides tangible benefits for customers, which in turn can translate into enhanced market value or increased competitiveness for the company.<br /><i>Online business after sales service<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzJoLKSms_qPNXA0jXtG-12EYgWs8wAR1tQU4y1GLMBidvLz2cjM4FB_UouLy6rP4_d42Php47HiiSEiB9oe7QLJpyO4saWY723cv0B8bVNEVHne4UOStJbd89cKP6Jso04nrby-hEeM9PCp210GVJiVhVoSjUbhVk8ZS_cL2tVm4i7MUNDjAYL9dZwnfC/s666/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="666" data-original-width="653" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzJoLKSms_qPNXA0jXtG-12EYgWs8wAR1tQU4y1GLMBidvLz2cjM4FB_UouLy6rP4_d42Php47HiiSEiB9oe7QLJpyO4saWY723cv0B8bVNEVHne4UOStJbd89cKP6Jso04nrby-hEeM9PCp210GVJiVhVoSjUbhVk8ZS_cL2tVm4i7MUNDjAYL9dZwnfC/s320/1.jpg" width="314" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-40521534314376145412023-06-12T19:27:00.003-07:002023-06-12T19:27:41.602-07:00Data migrationData migration is the process of selecting, preparing, extracting, and transforming of the existing stored digital information data and permanently transferring it from one storage system or computing environment to another. <br /><br />The transfer can occur between different formats or different computer systems. The migration ends only when the old system, database, or environment is shut down. Data migration ensures that data is successfully and securely transferred to another application, storage system or cloud. Although moving data from one platform to another can be risky and costly, it also provides an organization with numerous benefits. <br /><br />There are four types of data migrations:<br />*Storage migration<br />*Database migration<br />*Application migration<br />*Cloud migration<br />*Business process migration <br /><br />In storage migration, the process of moving data off existing arrays into more modern ones that enable other systems to access it. Offers significantly faster performance and more cost-effective scaling while enabling expected data management features such as cloning, snapshots, and backup and disaster recovery. <br /><br />Database migration is used for moving an entire database from one vendor to another, or to upgrade the software currently being used for the database. <br /><br />Business process of migration is driven by mergers and acquisitions, business optimization, or reorganization to address competitive challenges or enter new markets. All these changes may require the transfer of business applications and databases with data on customers, products, and operations to the new environment.<br /><b>Data migration<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrfTpOxO2TiL66YFCc6qaGjfezMiIaW2nkHWyAXleFy_nTmKu15CMSYNMb4MK-2M-zgOLUevFxS1gjbAe6tE3y1usFKDOzuCc-cIHvn2w3HdjfYsqv8zbwSJiI4hRXPdHAt9ZDbtVv52ePGMFv8I4WGQIJp25o4KI-M589cFJk25KaGJDZZ3jH2KNRhQ/s425/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="249" data-original-width="425" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrfTpOxO2TiL66YFCc6qaGjfezMiIaW2nkHWyAXleFy_nTmKu15CMSYNMb4MK-2M-zgOLUevFxS1gjbAe6tE3y1usFKDOzuCc-cIHvn2w3HdjfYsqv8zbwSJiI4hRXPdHAt9ZDbtVv52ePGMFv8I4WGQIJp25o4KI-M589cFJk25KaGJDZZ3jH2KNRhQ/w450-h263/2.jpg" width="450" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-60540984972936473882023-05-09T19:56:00.000-07:002023-05-09T19:56:08.639-07:00LINUX systemLinux is a free and open-source UNIX-like operating system. It is a multi-user, multi-tasking and time sharing operating system. Linux is a very stable OS and is used in many application areas, such as by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and as a network OS for providing various services. <br /><br />In the early 1990s, a Finnish student at the University of Helsinki named Linus Torvalds became fed up with the operating system choices available. Linus wanted to use Unix, but unfortunately or fortunately, depending on how you see it, Unix was far too expensive for a student. Left with only one choice, Linus started to build his kernel “Just for fun”1 from scratch. <br /><br />The kernel of this operating system was first release by Linus Torvalds in 1991. After that, with the addition of user space applications, it became the Linux operating system. Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams’ works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving. <br /><br />Linux is well-known as a stable and reliable platform, providing database and trading services for companies like Amazon, the well-known online bookshop, US Post Office, the German army and many others. Especially Internet providers and Internet service providers have grown fond of Linux as firewall, proxy- and web server. <br /><br />Modern Linux not only runs on workstations, mid- and high-end servers, but also on "gadgets" like PDA's, mobiles, a shipload of embedded applications and even on experimental wristwatches. <br /><br /><i>There are 5 types of users available in Linux.</i><br />(i) System user (Admin user who control the whole system nothing but root user).<br />(ii) Normal user (Created by the Super user. In RHEL - 7 the user id's from 1000 - 60000).(iii) System user (Created when application or software installed ).(In RHEL - 7 the System users are Static system user id's from 1 - 200 and(<br />(iii) Dynamic system user user id’s from 201 - 999).<br />(iv) Network user (Nothing but remote user, ie., who are login to the system trough network created in Windows Active Directory or in Linux LDAP or NIS).<br />(v) Sudo user (The normal users who are having admin or Super user privileges)<br /><b>LINUX system<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM5vIx3o61gkyECUUHsZuN7qOXcZ0PtKv6d5VKis_w8dDu-24VCOBNydYyQxt7WEY9Hkp42zi-_Hm1NSusr_x_xl0Dj5kchAuZROx8qultF5YTwVzi4p-yKMpeX20fxxuFFrqMDDvMzmugQwVkzR_6CH8WVDFxeZYFJG_5E7hln7HjMJG4lK_toF-u4Q/s354/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="354" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM5vIx3o61gkyECUUHsZuN7qOXcZ0PtKv6d5VKis_w8dDu-24VCOBNydYyQxt7WEY9Hkp42zi-_Hm1NSusr_x_xl0Dj5kchAuZROx8qultF5YTwVzi4p-yKMpeX20fxxuFFrqMDDvMzmugQwVkzR_6CH8WVDFxeZYFJG_5E7hln7HjMJG4lK_toF-u4Q/w448-h364/1.jpg" width="448" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-35199752938492161192023-04-12T19:54:00.003-07:002023-04-12T19:54:21.391-07:00UNIX operating systemThe UNIX operating system is a set of programs that act as a link between the computer and the user. The origin of UNIX can be traced back to 1965, when a joint venture was under-taken by Bell Telephone Laboratories, the General Electric Company and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The first Unix OS was developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in 1969. <br /><br />UNIX is written in high-level language. About 95% of the OS is written in C programming language. 'C' making it easy to port to different configurations. The ability to transport the UNIX system from one brand of computer to another has been the major reason for the acceptance of this system. <br /><br />It uses a hierarchical file system that allows easy maintenance and efficient implementation. UNIX uses a consistent format for files, the byte stream, making application programs easier to write. <br /><br />The main features of UNIX include multiuser, multitasking and portability capabilities. Multiple users access the system byconnecting to points known as terminals. Several users can run multiple programs or processes simultaneously on one system. <br /><br />UNIX is now a family of operating systems:<br /> – AIXfrom IBM<br /> – HP-UXfrom Hewlett-Packard<br /> – GNULinux from Free Software Foundation<br /> – Solaris, SunOSfrom Sun Microsystems<br /><b>UNIX operating system<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6LHMNVOTmJk1wlrQZj94c4iEBPbnCJwENIV_X--6ZWbBILBPrYn7KkM1ZYpoq9t1d0ARumL-iyQyOqBJ27ViZPsWHS0XjwVXfCiOBr3O2RPmN1Rl0s0xWeWiCFaCJNm6HAsEcPvu10edOTmyYv2lCXd57MlRghuwbSR9hm0lIn6AWxq4OTvXYeyX_Yg/s2861/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1962" data-original-width="2861" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6LHMNVOTmJk1wlrQZj94c4iEBPbnCJwENIV_X--6ZWbBILBPrYn7KkM1ZYpoq9t1d0ARumL-iyQyOqBJ27ViZPsWHS0XjwVXfCiOBr3O2RPmN1Rl0s0xWeWiCFaCJNm6HAsEcPvu10edOTmyYv2lCXd57MlRghuwbSR9hm0lIn6AWxq4OTvXYeyX_Yg/w470-h322/1.jpg" width="470" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-30419006246390460432023-03-02T03:40:00.005-08:002023-03-02T03:41:32.098-08:00Solid-state drive (SSD)SSD drives use what is called “solid state” memory. An SSD, or solid-state drive, is a type of storage device used in computers. This non-volatile storage media stores persistent data on solid-state flash memory. <br /><br />The flash memory inside an SSD means data is written, transferred, and erased electronically and silently — SSDs do not have the moving parts found inside mechanical hard-disk drives (HDDs). <br /><br />SSDs are much faster than hard drives since they use integrated circuits. SSDs use a special type of memory circuitry called non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) to store data, so everything stays in place even when the computer is turned off. <br /><br />SSDs are lighter in weight than HDDs, use less power, and have virtually no vibration - due to no moving parts. They can also survive an accidental drop better than an HDD. <br /><br />While HDDs are traditional storage devices with spinning platters that read and write data, SSDs use newer technology that stores data on instantly accessible memory chips. <br /><br />SSDs are often used on high-end machines or as secondary storage devices inside consumer PCs.<br /><b>Solid-state drive (SSD)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9JJw9kAGbAaTm_Oa7LzWkGNUu5gdvgIBB0r9KnZSW6d3Fxw2sVJRJM0EK2Iw3oM6BUlyNhhc5ptvXa0c2YQX84wA5YqeT4o-FwHj5BcwplhmdfaFWKEzJrAYaIn-iHDllfgBHcenESFyS5e6jOaBBlkWRZak0_qSrZo0tz9Ht3-pQbAXGJm7CjIlSA/s640/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="640" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9JJw9kAGbAaTm_Oa7LzWkGNUu5gdvgIBB0r9KnZSW6d3Fxw2sVJRJM0EK2Iw3oM6BUlyNhhc5ptvXa0c2YQX84wA5YqeT4o-FwHj5BcwplhmdfaFWKEzJrAYaIn-iHDllfgBHcenESFyS5e6jOaBBlkWRZak0_qSrZo0tz9Ht3-pQbAXGJm7CjIlSA/w488-h261/1.jpg" width="488" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-19893762472723923882023-01-29T07:09:00.004-08:002023-01-29T07:09:34.049-08:00Type of firewallsA firewall is a network security device that monitors and filters incoming and outgoing network traffic in accordance with previously established security policies in an organization. <div><br /></div><div>There are 3 types of firewalls:<br />*Packet filtering<br />*Stateful Filters<br />*Application layer <br /><br /><i>Packet filtering</i><br />A packet filtering firewall is a network security technique that regulates data flow to and from a network. Packet-filtering firewalls make processing decisions based on network addresses, ports, or protocols. Packet filtering firewalls are among the oldest firewall architectures. <br /><br />Packet-filtering firewalls are very fast because there is not much logic going behind the decisions they make. They do not do any internal inspection of the traffic. One important function of packet filtering firewalls is to control and monitor network data to ensure its authenticity and compliance. <br /><br /><i>Stateful Filters</i><br />Stateful firewalls are capable of monitoring and detecting states of all traffic on a network to track and defend based on traffic patterns and flows. Stateful firewalls use modern extensions to track active connections, like transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP) streams. By recognizing incoming traffic and data packets' context, stateful firewalls can better identify the difference between legitimate and malicious traffic or packages. <br /><br /><i>Application layer</i><br />An application firewall is a type of firewall that scans, monitors, and controls network, Internet and local system access and operations to and from an application or service.<br /><b>Type of firewalls<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDlkwFRMMLhSpl2j5gi8nJG6m6SBfLM-nRcSuk4Flfiyd1YwzgByKGDZy_VxVeXwpUk01DAADKwaxofFIoffGDzJcb4cKGm9Uq9UElCQl5g3FPpD2qKYJOb0cFpTT00WsY65uzncwrFIJjP1SCdmEkZlaRlk5GZPn-u0l5QXHnzmH9FpqqmWH9VGjiJg/s1920/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1483" data-original-width="1920" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDlkwFRMMLhSpl2j5gi8nJG6m6SBfLM-nRcSuk4Flfiyd1YwzgByKGDZy_VxVeXwpUk01DAADKwaxofFIoffGDzJcb4cKGm9Uq9UElCQl5g3FPpD2qKYJOb0cFpTT00WsY65uzncwrFIJjP1SCdmEkZlaRlk5GZPn-u0l5QXHnzmH9FpqqmWH9VGjiJg/w483-h373/1.jpg" width="483" /></a></div></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-38229985006081664262022-12-20T21:56:00.003-08:002022-12-20T21:56:12.998-08:00Delphi languageDelphi is a high-level programming language and a software product supporting object-oriented design. It is a rapid application development used to develop applications ranging from database solutions to mobile applications and is used on Windows as well as Linux. <br /><br />Delphi’s appearance allowed the developers to use the same code (with minor adjustments) to build native applications not only for Windows but also for Android, iOS, macOS, and Linux. Delphi includes a code editor, a visual designer, an integrated debugger, a source code control component, and support for third-party plugins. <br /><br />Delphi is named after the Oracle at Delphi of Greek legend and is one of the first-ever Rapid Application Development (RAD) tools. It is a product of Borland and first entered the market in 1995 as Delphi 1, adding some object-oriented capabilities to the Pascal Language. Early versions were only compatible with the Windows platform. In 2001 Kylix was released, which is the Linux version of Delphi. The first version of the Delphi computer language was for developing applications in MS Windows 3.1. <br /><br />Programming languages require the conversion of the human readable source code into raw machine instructions which can be executed by the computer. <br /><br />With Delphi, this conversion takes place directly within its integrated editor environment where the compiler produces fully compiled applications ready to execute without further pre-processing and, typically, no further support components or installable runtimes. <br /><br />More often found in corporate applications requiring database access, Delphi can handle everything from printers to POS applications. While not well-known for game development – C languages tend to lead there – Delphi is perfect for almost all other programming uses.<br /><b>Delphi language<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjZy56GJb6clO8qOny9juU6pCjyIZqcvW_aiCfMyJmVJC5gMPRK7HenGLUlMb8ktAx_-t2t2xZpJkBvpEkpEV3HaCOnt40_E68LgldQzYEF5ztEvGohfCJWHx3ZjkmJ7RNkV4JBK3n-r-JMsv669hLeb6yJ1jWWFBVnr4ztPsnj9e8eeoWS1yacCwqng/s910/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="851" data-original-width="910" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjZy56GJb6clO8qOny9juU6pCjyIZqcvW_aiCfMyJmVJC5gMPRK7HenGLUlMb8ktAx_-t2t2xZpJkBvpEkpEV3HaCOnt40_E68LgldQzYEF5ztEvGohfCJWHx3ZjkmJ7RNkV4JBK3n-r-JMsv669hLeb6yJ1jWWFBVnr4ztPsnj9e8eeoWS1yacCwqng/w455-h425/1.jpg" width="455" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-28694737298234629312022-11-17T06:31:00.001-08:002022-11-17T06:31:11.276-08:00Data mappingData mapping is the process of matching data fields or elements from one database to another. Data mapping also helps consolidate data by extracting, transforming, and loading it to a destination system. Data mapping is a key part of data management and data integration. <br /><br />Data mapping bridges the differences between two systems, or data models, so that when data is moved from a source, it is accurate and usable at the destination. <br /><br />It is the translation of information between source and destination, such that the logical/semantic meanings are kept intact and the fitness of use of the destination data is enhanced. <br /><br />During the data mapping process, the source data is directed to the targeted database. The target database can be a relational database or a CSV document — depending on the use case. <br /><br />Data mapping allows the user to organize, distill, analyze, and understand vast amounts of data that live in various locations so he can draw conclusions and insights. <br /><br />Data mapping has been a common business function for some time, but as the amount of data and sources increase, the process of data mapping has become more complex, requiring automated tools to make it feasible for large data sets. Data mapping is used in a range of use cases and industries to streamline data processes.<br /><b>Data mapping<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjngUw8J3v7c9eV--c2qwJVwru2-AVwXhaIzM3x6PS_m-_lLfKO-G6nPSbA9sIBlNZpMJr2fJDal-ttxdOpB29Q-TTeaz8_ru1lu_2uxpbtB886Nd4273-GY81mnGysExZW8-L4q7a93AIX7072P0eAlz1zC2Br-48Eaz7RyJQntIOJ1dtRhXJmzJncbA/s1280/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1280" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjngUw8J3v7c9eV--c2qwJVwru2-AVwXhaIzM3x6PS_m-_lLfKO-G6nPSbA9sIBlNZpMJr2fJDal-ttxdOpB29Q-TTeaz8_ru1lu_2uxpbtB886Nd4273-GY81mnGysExZW8-L4q7a93AIX7072P0eAlz1zC2Br-48Eaz7RyJQntIOJ1dtRhXJmzJncbA/w473-h316/1.jpg" width="473" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-78999102004081006392022-10-11T08:24:00.004-07:002022-10-11T08:24:22.006-07:00Read-only memory (ROM)Memory is the most essential element of a computing system because without it computer can’t perform simple tasks. Computer memory is of two basic types – Primary memory(RAM and ROM) and Secondary memory (hard drive, CD, etc). <br /><br />ROM devices are used for storage of data that does not require modification. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory. It is a non-volatile memory that is used to stores important information which is used to operate the system. Non-volatile memory (NVM) is a type of computer memory that has the capability to hold saved data even if the power is turned off. Unlike volatile memory, NVM does not require its memory data to be periodically refreshed <br /><br />While RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores the files when user is working on, ROM is non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions for computer. <br /><br />ROM contains the programming needed to start a computer, which is essential for boot-up; it performs major input/output tasks and holds programs or software instructions. <br /><br />The memory does not depend on an electric current to save data, instead, data is written to individual cells using binary code. Non-volatile memory is used for parts of the computer that do not change, such as the initial boot-up portion of the software, or the firmware instructions that make the printer run. <br /><br />Types of Read-Only Memory (ROM):<br />*MROM (Masked read-only memory)<br />*PROM (Programmable read-only memory) - It can be programmed by the user. Once programmed, the data and instructions in it cannot be changed.<br />*EPROM (Erasable programmable read-only memory)<br />*EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) - The data can be erased by applying an electric field, with no need for ultraviolet light.<br /><b>Read-only memory (ROM)</b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIrn-r4t7Wpa4rF1RR57KpBZiXohSt9-20AqGhuPQPRB1z0WSgv_DQ0vXx5Yz3vJJnHjse2kvt5APW2wQl_yrBR50J4_QtKNUB-bCT3cRnNOJXq6YEigJDgfMTwxk_rOtVkWYag2_mn84Gm78KTvbsxZo7FbSCasKAeudeYisxQeOQsT0J_8v1ab4kvA/s252/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="252" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIrn-r4t7Wpa4rF1RR57KpBZiXohSt9-20AqGhuPQPRB1z0WSgv_DQ0vXx5Yz3vJJnHjse2kvt5APW2wQl_yrBR50J4_QtKNUB-bCT3cRnNOJXq6YEigJDgfMTwxk_rOtVkWYag2_mn84Gm78KTvbsxZo7FbSCasKAeudeYisxQeOQsT0J_8v1ab4kvA/w463-h368/1.jpg" width="463" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-17969637803847823022022-09-03T00:18:00.001-07:002022-09-03T00:18:06.160-07:00Apache serverApache is the most commonly used Web server on Linux systems. It is the most widely used webserver software and runs on 67% of all websites in the world. Developed and maintained by Apache Software Foundation, Apache is open-source software. <br /><br />This web server created by American software developer Robert McCool. Apache was released in 1995. In the early 2020s, Apache servers deployed about 30 percent of the Internet’s content. <br /><br />Web servers are used to serve Web pages requested by client computers. File servers, database servers, mail servers, and web servers use different kinds of server software. Each of these applications can access files stored on a physical server and use them for various purposes. <br /><br />Apache HTTP Server is commonly referred to as Apache and after development, it quickly became the most popular HTTP client on the web. Although it is Apache a web server, it is not a physical server, but rather a software that runs on an HTTP server. Its job is to establish a connection between a server and the browsers of website visitors (Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, etc.) while delivering files back and forth between them (client-server structure). <br /><br />Apache is just one component that is needed in a web application stack to deliver web content. Apache Web Servers are often used in combination with the MySQL database engine, the HyperText Preprocessor (PHP) scripting language, and other popular scripting languages such as Python and Perl. This configuration is termed LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and Perl/Python/PHP).<br /><b>Apache server<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6nGwIdBIbPlwbBZ0DP35IB3ZsEmQSmtng29Z5n9k8jfV_tkFTdk0JquVLSphAYXAHZId83-QkJre2RwKztO6SvTPNtV-FYsMdsOgu8RILLAxdJ-aNXaFZ0edSWUwALGbjnSpT5Vi_fylRwkSZguU4MM9a41_g8wUY8Ijk5S7-MTJ_bxguNArV0vDnYQ/s580/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="580" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6nGwIdBIbPlwbBZ0DP35IB3ZsEmQSmtng29Z5n9k8jfV_tkFTdk0JquVLSphAYXAHZId83-QkJre2RwKztO6SvTPNtV-FYsMdsOgu8RILLAxdJ-aNXaFZ0edSWUwALGbjnSpT5Vi_fylRwkSZguU4MM9a41_g8wUY8Ijk5S7-MTJ_bxguNArV0vDnYQ/w468-h159/1.jpg" width="468" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-15228991585537885972022-08-06T01:53:00.004-07:002022-08-06T01:53:34.639-07:00RAM architectureIn random-access memory (RAM) the memory cells can be accessed for information transfer from any desired random location. That is, the process of locating a word in memory is the same and requires an equal amount of time no matter where the cells are located physically in memory. <br /><br />Due to RAM architecture, the memory cells can be accessed for information from anywhere on the computer system. <br /><br />This communication between different peripherals and RAM is achieved by data input and output lines, control lines which specify the direction of transfer, and address selection lines. <br /><br />The n data input lines deliver the all information which are hold in the memory, and n data output lines transfer the information that is come out of specific word selected among the 2k available. inside the memory. <br /><br />Types of RAM<br />*SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) - is made up of four to six transistors. The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied unlike DRAM, which has to be refreshed periodically.<br />*DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) - is widely used as a computer’s main memory. Each DRAM memory cell is made up of a transistor and a capacitor within an integrated circuit, and a data bit is stored in the capacitor. DRAM must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second.<br />*VRAM (Video Random Access Memory)<br /><b>RAM architecture<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMek9iMfC7uF5M_Dadbb6hGofZpmBia_syk55xZq7hrNV9byBIKG7_ukxLE1MtwIFJCNAtxYv1gy4WANntU3FuY11cnpVUkcZSB1vG7Erk17sv6PvhoDp4c45V5HFu9_KGmdP3VysYYMmTWB9gYiIoMqZxaiOZ64-0l0ta98h9DH0QcPI3JqjdKy0HVw/s676/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="676" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMek9iMfC7uF5M_Dadbb6hGofZpmBia_syk55xZq7hrNV9byBIKG7_ukxLE1MtwIFJCNAtxYv1gy4WANntU3FuY11cnpVUkcZSB1vG7Erk17sv6PvhoDp4c45V5HFu9_KGmdP3VysYYMmTWB9gYiIoMqZxaiOZ64-0l0ta98h9DH0QcPI3JqjdKy0HVw/w452-h247/1.jpg" width="452" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-72645402662605470742022-07-11T06:45:00.007-07:002022-07-11T06:45:59.073-07:00Computer organizationComputer Organization is concerned with the structure and behaviour of a computer system as seen by the user. Organization can be defined as the way the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used properly. <br /><br />It deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified by computer architecture. <br /><br />Meanwhile, computer architecture is a functional description of requirements and design implementation for the various parts of a computer. It deals with the functional behavior of computer systems. <br /><br />Computer organization helps optimize performance-based products. Software engineers may need to optimize software in order to gain the most performance for the lowest price.<br /><b>Computer organization<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEpxkwnm-Cw9BtFxtrq8EvPgf0QOVMtrH0IqSZTcx3gD_nFAQnqIR_K_FLZ56J6t6rL8iaYB5PtADjqCwIhqbd5yZkfVQfH0hEhLmK3atftKPFsb5oqndvoR0VgkyuDl43UdMu7mfzUbtCirE9_BIjPZvLG1T52y8NdxSMrbg8SjRTiw1m8l2G-kajQ/s664/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="664" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEpxkwnm-Cw9BtFxtrq8EvPgf0QOVMtrH0IqSZTcx3gD_nFAQnqIR_K_FLZ56J6t6rL8iaYB5PtADjqCwIhqbd5yZkfVQfH0hEhLmK3atftKPFsb5oqndvoR0VgkyuDl43UdMu7mfzUbtCirE9_BIjPZvLG1T52y8NdxSMrbg8SjRTiw1m8l2G-kajQ/w453-h275/1.jpg" width="453" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-19263423704662073832022-06-05T08:48:00.002-07:002022-06-05T08:48:47.474-07:00Secondary Memory (non-volatile memory)Memory is a storage part in a computer system. It is used to store the data, information, and programs at the time of processing on the computer. <br /><br />Computers use main memory such as random-access memory (RAM) and cache to hold data that is being processed. However, this type of memory is volatile - it loses its contents when the computer is switched off. <br /><br />The secondary memory is always a non-volatile memory. Non-volatile memory is memory that retains its values even when power is removed.It is an external memory of the computer. Secondary memory is known as a Backup memory or Additional memory or Auxiliary memory. <br /><br />Secondary memory is slower than primary memory. Data cannot be accessed directly by the processor. It is first copied from secondary memory to primary memory. Only then CPU can access it. Secondary or external storage devices have a much larger storage capacity and the cost of secondary memory is less as compared to primary memory. <br /><br />Secondary memory is a physical device for the permanent storage of programs and data, such as read-only memory (ROM), flash drives, hard disk drives (HDD), magnetic tapes and other types of internal/external storage media. <br /><br />Not all computers require secondary storage. Embedded computers, such as those found in a washing machine or central heating system, do not need to store data when the power is turned off.<br /><b>Secondary Memory (non-volatile memory)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu326Nf2xtmqOJgJD8Shnv-S6uF3CHvwUBulPH12qFZE_KIrtHztj9LBgq8ic2juRZFYNswZmoLlG2XD7OI6_ORmWbKxG_qLPVP-8d136cPHYbu2vRmV3T20Wn4Z8VEC-ysewQane2Kf82EOkHhOLQzyz110mh2X06njyHsVAjExamPLTU4iX2wI6Izw/s500/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="500" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu326Nf2xtmqOJgJD8Shnv-S6uF3CHvwUBulPH12qFZE_KIrtHztj9LBgq8ic2juRZFYNswZmoLlG2XD7OI6_ORmWbKxG_qLPVP-8d136cPHYbu2vRmV3T20Wn4Z8VEC-ysewQane2Kf82EOkHhOLQzyz110mh2X06njyHsVAjExamPLTU4iX2wI6Izw/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-28364470546377242302022-04-19T03:55:00.005-07:002022-04-19T03:55:46.967-07:00Primary memoryMemory is physically organized as a large number of cells that are capable of storing one bit each. Primary memory is comprised of DRAM (Dynamic RAM) and provides the actual working space to the processor. Primary memory is also known as Main memory or Internal memory, is the area in a computer which stores data and information for fast access. <br /><br />Primary memory is the main memory of the computer which can be directly accessed by the central processing unit, whereas Secondary memory cannot be accessed directly by a CPU or processor. Secondary memory refers to the external storage device which can be used to store data or information permanently. The memory devices used for primary memory are semiconductor memories. <br /><br />Generally, primary memory has a storage capacity lesser than secondary memory and greater than cache memory. <br /><br />As soon as a computer starts, primary memory loads all running applications, including the base operating system (OS), user interface and any user-installed and running software utility. A program/application that is opened in primary memory interacts with the system processor to perform all application-specific tasks. <br /><br />Random Access Memory (RAM) is primary-volatile memory and Read-Only Memory (ROM) is primary-non-volatile memory. The processor accesses all memory addresses directly, irrespective of word length, making storage and retrieval fast. RAM is the fastest memory available and hence most expensive.<br /><b>Primary memory<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt9fSNZIPvgdi4oaomYQ4zyaNMPUn6XGNIAaTqemu4e9WnKO3y9FR-XsYlilBzm_ues_ABxtYMBndwG8EY6qVrFfthOdwApAAMqMdyAN8n352PH5HLCjy8quSHTtfJUzREaXiFBGOtFnEfktI_L_m7PNNeaOrXvkf1phLxPHqzB4b48fAezFvlOQWM8g/s716/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="716" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt9fSNZIPvgdi4oaomYQ4zyaNMPUn6XGNIAaTqemu4e9WnKO3y9FR-XsYlilBzm_ues_ABxtYMBndwG8EY6qVrFfthOdwApAAMqMdyAN8n352PH5HLCjy8quSHTtfJUzREaXiFBGOtFnEfktI_L_m7PNNeaOrXvkf1phLxPHqzB4b48fAezFvlOQWM8g/w439-h393/1.jpg" width="439" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-3930778451091646452022-03-14T08:23:00.005-07:002022-03-14T08:23:39.719-07:00Cache MemoryCache Memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data from the computer's memory more efficient. Cache memory provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs, applications and data. <br /><br />Memory caching (or caching) is a technique in which computer applications temporarily store data in a computer's main memory (i.e., random access memory, or RAM) to enable fast retrievals of that data. <br /><br />Cache holds a copy of only the most frequently used information or program codes stored in the main memory. <br /><br />When the user is working on a video project, the video editor may load specific video clips and audio tracks from the hard drive into RAM. Since RAM can be accessed much more quickly than a hard drive, this reduces lag when importing and editing files. <br /><br />Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU. It holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to the CPU when needed. <br /><br />Caching is especially efficient when the application exhibits a common pattern in which it repeatedly accesses data that was previously accessed. <br /><br />There are three general cache levels:<br />*Level 1 (L1) cache, or primary cache, is extremely fast but relatively small<br />*Level 2 (L2) cache, or secondary cache, is often more capacious than L1<br />*Level 3 (L3) cache is specialized memory developed to improve the performance of L1 and L2<br /><b>Cache Memory<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-6UpkeOxopbEl6C3KWPVPAxKA5o10nsGk-Pu7aI2S7YAmCq2EMcE1CHTbE7H8Lfd5IZhlf2xX13LMJmSOHmayLrM65dg0dnFTAdC2uqStUBkUD0877P45DOrmGN08pBr7txrXGdIXDM8Mpv9XnucrAClc6n9ZtIhHxVD-Okc7UfOtS2HlK2uc8ILhwg=s783" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="671" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-6UpkeOxopbEl6C3KWPVPAxKA5o10nsGk-Pu7aI2S7YAmCq2EMcE1CHTbE7H8Lfd5IZhlf2xX13LMJmSOHmayLrM65dg0dnFTAdC2uqStUBkUD0877P45DOrmGN08pBr7txrXGdIXDM8Mpv9XnucrAClc6n9ZtIhHxVD-Okc7UfOtS2HlK2uc8ILhwg=w346-h404" width="346" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-51572291342613641352022-01-31T23:22:00.000-08:002022-01-31T23:22:01.559-08:00Volatile memoryMemory is one of the fundamental components of a system. In computing, memory refers to the devices used to store information for use in a computer. There is at least some form of memory in a system. <br /><br />Volatile memory is a type of memory that loses its content when the system’s power is turned off. The primary example is the computer's main memory, which is made up of dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM) chips. <br /><br />SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and is easy to interface to but uses six transistors per bit. Dynamic RAM is more complicated to interface to and control and needs regular refresh cycles to prevent its contents being lost. <br /><br />RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that temporarily stores the files the user is working on. When the user is working on a document, it is kept in RAM. If the computer he is using is disconnected from power, his work is lost because it was not stored in permanent (non-volatile) memory. <br /><br />Volatile memory is typically faster than nonvolatile memory, so typically when operating on the data it's faster to do it on volatile memory. However, it is also more expensive. Computers use volatile and non-volatile memory to help balance cost with performance. <br /><br />Volatile memory loses data, the mechanism to retain data in volatile memory is to keep refreshing the data content. By refreshing, we mean to read the data and write it back in cycle.<br /><b>Volatile memory<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9pS1Y-Rqbo76-HhmtXo0dCFGyAGmoSQDB0Xdv3qWrzQAvKYaaGWbZ5tgscI4CKXEQy_pV0HwGiLsz6um8WEy5VAJIsNHCNVG_Ya3EBTwntYGEa97-MfWu0KLxpzUm8RODsvIB1gX1U7zS6X3XxUWOCu17OkosdRjQT-fk7WMe_aF8g_2ErWFMd6teDg=s495" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="451" height="417" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9pS1Y-Rqbo76-HhmtXo0dCFGyAGmoSQDB0Xdv3qWrzQAvKYaaGWbZ5tgscI4CKXEQy_pV0HwGiLsz6um8WEy5VAJIsNHCNVG_Ya3EBTwntYGEa97-MfWu0KLxpzUm8RODsvIB1gX1U7zS6X3XxUWOCu17OkosdRjQT-fk7WMe_aF8g_2ErWFMd6teDg=w380-h417" width="380" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-7310443737616753832022-01-07T21:29:00.004-08:002022-08-06T01:34:29.744-07:00System RAMRAM is the hardware location in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer's processor. RAM is acronym used for Random Access Memory. RAM is much faster to read from and write to than most other kinds of storage in a computer (the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM). <br /><br />When the user opens an application, it is loaded into RAM. RAM can be compared to a person's short-term memory and the hard disk to the long-term memory. The short-term memory focuses on work at hand, but can only keep so many facts in view at one time. <br /><br />When the user saves a file and close the application, the file is written to the specified storage device, and then it and the application are purged from RAM. <br /><br />Without RAM it becomes impossible to get very far, from the moment the PC is turned ON. The software applications installed on the computer depends largely on the RAM. It is responsible for holding the data while any application is running. Once the application is closed without saving, the data gets lost. <br /><br />RAM is called "random access" because any storage location can be accessed directly. Externally, RAM is a chip that comes embedded in a personal computer motherboard with a variable amount of additional modules plugged into motherboard sockets. To add memory to the computer, just simply add more RAM modules in a prescribed configuration. <br /><br />Whether it comes from permanent storage (the hard drive) or input (the keyboard), most data goes in random access memory (RAM) first. The CPU then stores pieces of data it will need to access, often in a cache, and maintains certain special instructions in the register. <br /><br />The opposite of RAM is Serial Access Memory (SAM). SAM stores data as a series of memory cells that can only be accessed sequentially. If the data is not at the current location, each memory cell is checked until the needed data is found.<br /><b>System RAM<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg3XNZeUbZiN7CBF9rrbpSfKdrlCqNBJ9WPWeQGzxR0uPGM8g9OmHrtIVkyzVPWlP5l9Fs0a7keHWiozhfOS_3NXNmiR_nBDF4xVpoeHcBcp7QKSMj1Q56FmUT6Qv0RCRLihxrCoF44FmrWlqWCso6CsezAiutwAr8orW5LHP6fi1VSDXgiflCNLN7XjA=s315" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="315" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg3XNZeUbZiN7CBF9rrbpSfKdrlCqNBJ9WPWeQGzxR0uPGM8g9OmHrtIVkyzVPWlP5l9Fs0a7keHWiozhfOS_3NXNmiR_nBDF4xVpoeHcBcp7QKSMj1Q56FmUT6Qv0RCRLihxrCoF44FmrWlqWCso6CsezAiutwAr8orW5LHP6fi1VSDXgiflCNLN7XjA=w417-h366" width="417" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-9076627875665204602022-01-07T20:41:00.005-08:002022-01-07T20:41:56.211-08:00History of Quattro ProQuattro Pro was a spreadsheet utility, originally developed by Borland Software. It was renamed to Corel Quattro Pro when Corel purchased it. The features that lacked in the previous Quattro Pro have been included in its successor, the WordPerfect Office Suite.<br />
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Quattro Pro was designed as a contender for the Microsoft Office Excel and for the Lotus 1-2-3 alternatives.<br />
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Borland started in spreadsheets in 1987 with a product called Quattro. Word has it that the internal code name was Buddha because the program was intended to “assume the Lotus position” in the market. Borland changed the name to Quattro Pro for its 1990 release.<br />
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Similar to Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro was first shipped and released as a DOS program, and was later rewritten to be adapted to the Windows platform.<br />
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In the fall of 1989, Borland began shipping Quattro Pro, which was a more powerful product that built upon the original Quattro and trumped 1-2-3 in just about every area.<br />
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In 1991 Borland ranked best Quattro Pro beats Lotus 1-2-3. Two industry studies objectively confirm the facts: Customers rank Borland best among software companies, and Quattro® Pro outperforms all Lotus® spreadsheets.<br />
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Like Lotus, Borland was slow to jump on the Windows bandwagon. When Quattro Pro for Windows finally shipped in the fall of 1992, however, it provided some tough competition for the other two Windows spreadsheets, Excel 4.0 and 1-2-3 Release 1.1 for Windows. Since about 1996 Quattro pro has run a distant second to Excel’s market domination.<br />
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In 1994, Novell purchased WordPerfect International and Borland’s entire spreadsheet business. In 1996, WordPerfect and Quattro Pro were both purchased by Corel Corporation.<br />
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Corel Quattro Pro is a spreadsheet application used to process business and financial transactions of various kinds. To carry its various tasks, Corel Quattro Pro organizes each one of its notebooks into worksheets.<br /><b><span style="color: #01ffff;">History of Quattro Pro<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj39nbHRnOqtE4sCGLzq0fYEu5x0j0nh3zxn5QsocFENSMEyrRjcqc_O46lCg24gb40ueKOTOMX7o8MiycFeM-NPYaFjOsXSrjrkFjcPyEH2wZWfs3Y8PC9mUAOCEbxR7m3vOIaytzi42osd5555DFpDVMsSnzXxfOA5Bb-UtZ5bi1b3qUy4p-AWjdKoQ=s320" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="249" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj39nbHRnOqtE4sCGLzq0fYEu5x0j0nh3zxn5QsocFENSMEyrRjcqc_O46lCg24gb40ueKOTOMX7o8MiycFeM-NPYaFjOsXSrjrkFjcPyEH2wZWfs3Y8PC9mUAOCEbxR7m3vOIaytzi42osd5555DFpDVMsSnzXxfOA5Bb-UtZ5bi1b3qUy4p-AWjdKoQ=w310-h398" width="310" /></a></div></span></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4545022334377880042.post-28986257004544777862021-12-09T17:01:00.003-08:002021-12-09T17:01:33.946-08:00Computer memoryComputer memory is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The term "memory", meaning "primary storage" or "main memory", is often associated with addressable semiconductor memory, i.e. integrated circuits consisting of silicon-based transistors, used for example as primary storage but also other purposes in computers and other digital electronic devices. <br /><br />Memory plays an important role in saving and retrieving data. The performance of the computer system depends upon the size of the memory. <br /><br />Memory size refers to the size of the RAM (Random Access Memory) and the mass storage - usually magnetic hard disks. <br /><br />There are two main types of semiconductor memory<br />*Volatile/Primary memory<br />*Non-volatile/Secondary memory <br /><br />Secondary memory or non-volatile memory is external and permanent in nature. The secondary memory is concerned with magnetic memory. Examples of non-volatile memory are flash memory (used as secondary memory) and ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM memory (used for storing firmware such as BIOS). <br /><br />Primary Memory is internal memory of the computer. Examples of primary/volatile memory are primary storage, which is typically dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), and fast CPU cache memory. The primary memory provides main working space to the computer. <br /><br />Memory can be classified to:<br />· Random access memories (RAM)<br />· Sequentially accessible memory (SAM)<br />· Direct access memory (DAM)<br />· Contents addressable memory (CAM)<br /><b>Computer memory<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhRVk4fVKGXuDWQEKuLgo0rTx-7kEK5ayiJmZNHcBWY7SFaDCK4ASf4Gd31Nb_WgC2gJQY7OEDK6C2UdNiiV44qMDqEYolFU_jGfSGJfJkC5SRROb7Fftep7JhKQoA0KMIv7U931e8Bz5stc2668_yXH9k-W1lg3ZKtng67brQJchGjTR1-ZpXFHR4Xmw=s351" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="351" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhRVk4fVKGXuDWQEKuLgo0rTx-7kEK5ayiJmZNHcBWY7SFaDCK4ASf4Gd31Nb_WgC2gJQY7OEDK6C2UdNiiV44qMDqEYolFU_jGfSGJfJkC5SRROb7Fftep7JhKQoA0KMIv7U931e8Bz5stc2668_yXH9k-W1lg3ZKtng67brQJchGjTR1-ZpXFHR4Xmw=w422-h320" width="422" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com